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Basic Spanish Grammar (BSG) -- Personal Pronouns -- Direct (105-107) / Indirect (117-119) Objects -- Objects of the Preposition (p. 104-105)Chart with all personal pronouns -- BSG p. 144http://www.indiana.edu/%7ecall/reglas/pron_personales.htmlPersonal PronounsPersonal pronouns in Spanish are used almost the same way as their English equivalents. However, the main difference is that in Spanish they do not need to be expressed since the verb itself will identify the subject. This happens in English with the third person singular of the present tense (to think-> thinks), where the -s shows us that we're dealing with a he, she or it, although in English the pronoun is never omitted with the exception of the imperative ("Sit down!", not "You, sit down!"), unless we want to emphasize on the person being addressed with the command. In Spanish, a pronoun is only needed when refering to a third person (singular or plural) for proper identification purposes since it can be a "she", a "he" or even a formal second person singular. In the plural, the verb ending could be referring to a "they" (masculine or feminine) or to "ustedes", a form of the second person plural used by everyone in all the Hispanic countries, except in Spain, where "vosotros" is preferred.     The "Vos" Pronoun   There is also another second person singular ("vos") used in some Latin American countries (especially the ones in the South Cone [Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay], although in some Central American countries it is also used [Costa Rica, for example]). The conjugation for the "vos" in the present indicative differs from the standard second person singular (tu) in that the stress for the pronunciation lies on the last syllable, and not in the penultimate syllable: tu sabes -> vos sabes (you know--accent on e).    

 Singular Plural
Yo (I)Nosotros/nosotras (we: masculine/feminine)
Tu/vos/usted (you/you/formal 'you' singular) Vosotros/vosotras/ustedes (you all: masculine/feminine)
 El/ellaEllos/ellas (they: masculine/feminine)
 Some examples:
 Spanish English
Yo quiero estudiar or Quiero estudiarI want to study
 Tu quieres comer or Quieres comerYou want to eat
 *Ella quiere correr or Quiere correrShe wants to run
 *Ellos quieren hablar or Quieren hablarThey want to talk
 Notice how in Spanish the verb ending identifies the subject, except when using a third person, in which case we have several possibilities. In those cases you will find that either the subject is identified through the use of the personal pronoun or name, or it has been identified in a previous sentence. Direct Object Pronouns  Direct Object PronounsFirst of all you must remember that a direct object in a sentence is the person, event or thing affected by the verb. The main difference between the use of the direct object pronouns in Spanish and English is their placement. While in English they substitute the direct object (and its article) and are placed where the original object was, in Spanish this pronoun is placed in front of the verb, replacing also any article used with the object previously. 
 Singular Plural
Me (me)Nos (us)
Te (you)Os (you [all])
*Lo/la (him/her/it)*Los/las (them: masculine/feminine/neuter)
  *The pronouns 'le' or 'les' are sometimes used as direct object pronouns. Its use carry some subtle differences in meaning.  Some examples: 
  Spanish English
Direct object expressed(Tu) llevas el libroYou take/carry the book
 Direct object pronoun (Tu) lo llevasYou take/carry it
 Direct object expressed Ella rompe la sillaShe breaks the chair
 Direct object pronoun Ella la rompeShe breaks it
 Direct object expressed Ustedes secuestran los perrosYou [all] kidnap the dogs
 Direct object pronoun Ustedes los secuestran You [all] kidnap them
 Direct object expressed El interrumpe la fiestaHe interrupts the party
 Direct object pronoun El la interrumpeHe interrupts it
  Indirect Object Pronouns Indirect Object PronounsAn indirect object is usually a person receiving the direct object. The pronouns in Spanish are basically the same as the ones used for the direct objects, with the exception of the third person. It is important to remember that in Spanish, anytime that an indirect object is expressed, the pronoun must be present even if the indirect object is expressed in some other way (i.e., prepositional clause).
 Singular Plural
Me (me)Nos (us)
Te (you)Os (you [all])
Le/se (him/her/it)Les/se (them)
 As you see, we have one that can be used only for the singular (le), one used only for the plural (les), and yet another one (se) that can be used for both! Nevertheless, the 'se' form is used only when the direct object pronoun is also used for reasons that seem to be primarily aesthetic (such as the use of the 'n' with the indefinite article in English: "an apple" vs. "a apple"). Although you'll see the pesky 'se' everywhere in standard writing in Spanish (i.e., newspaper articles, literature, manuals, etc.), you should be aware that there are many uses of 'se', and that it's not always used as an indirect object pronoun. Just click here to see some other uses. First, let's see a few examples where we substitute the indirect object without using the direct object pronoun, and then we'll see how these two pronouns act together.
  Spanish English
With prepositional clause(Tu) Le das el libro a PedroYou give the book to Pedro
No prepositional clause(Tu) Le das el libroYou give him the book [incorrect to express a prepositional clause].
With prepositional clause Yo te doy el libro [a ti: redundant/emphasis]I give the book to you
No prepositional clause Yo te doy el libroI give you the book.
 Note how in both languages we can use the prepositional clause to know who is receiving the book. The prepositional clause is mainly used for clarification or for emphasis. Generally, in Spanish the prepositional clause is used at the end, whereas in English it would be incorrect to use it sometimes, as in the second sentence. In that case, we can identify the indirect object by using the name: "You give Pedro the book."Using the Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns at the Same TimeWhen both pronouns are used, they will continue to be placed in front of the verb (linguists say that these pronouns become part of the verb). The order a declarative sentence will follow when both pronouns are present is: subject-indirect object pronoun-direct object pronoun-verb, or SIODOV for short. Remember that you might not see the subject expressed at the beginning of the sentence due to the fact that it is implied in the verb. However, a personal pronoun or name of the subject could be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
  • Direct object
  • Indirect object
 Spanish English
(Yo) te doy el libro [a ti]I give the book to you
(Yo) te lo doyI give it to you [I give you it]
(Nosotros) les damos el libro a las ninasWe give the book to the girls
(Nosotros) se lo damosWe give it to them

 

http://spanish.about.com/od/pronouns/index.htm

 In Spanish, you may find indirect-object pronouns where you least expect them, at least if your native language is English. That is because in Spanish, the indirect-object pronouns have a much wider variety of uses than they do in English. As you may recall, in English the indirect-object pronouns are used almost exclusively to indicate that someone has been the recipient of a verb's action although not directly acted upon. Thus, in English, the indirect object is often a shorter substitute for saying something is being done to or for someone. The same usage is common in Spanish (although the use of the indirect object is usually mandatory in such sentences). A few examples should help explain this usage:
EnglishSpanish Explanation
I am giving him the book. Le doy el libro. "Book" (libro) is the direct object of the verb because it is the object that is given. The indirect object is "him," because he is the recipient of the action. The English sentence is the equivalent of "I am giving the book to him."
He showed her the house. Le ensena la casa. "House" (casa) is the direct object because it is what was shown. The indirect object is "her," because she is the recipient of the action. The English sentence is the equivalent of "He showed the house to her."
They are serving us the dinner. Nos sirven la cena. "Dinner" (cena) is the direct object because it is what is being served. The indirect object is "us," because we are the recipients of the action. The English sentence is the equivalent of "They are serving the dinner to us."
In Spanish, indirect-object pronouns are used in similar sentences that are awkward in English. For example, while it is possible to say "They are painting me a house," it would be more common to say "They are painting a house for me." In Spanish, there is no awkwardness; the normal sentence construction still would be "Pintan una casa." The main point of this lesson, however, that that Spanish uses the direct objects in many cases where it would be impossible to do so in English. As noted above, English typically uses the indirect object for cases in which the object is the recipient of some object or action. In Spanish, however, the indirect object can be used in other types of instances where the object is merely affected by the action. The use of the pronoun indicates only that the person was affected by the verb; exactly how the person was affected is determined by the context. Also, in English it is almost always the case that a sentence with an indirect object to also have a direct object (as in the above examples). However, in Spanish there are some verbs (the most common being gustar, "to be pleasing") that take an indirect object without needing a direct object. Following are some examples that should help clarify some common types of uses of the direct object. The indirect-object pronouns le and les (the third-person indirect object) are used in the following examples to make it clear than an indirect-object pronoun is being used. (In the first and second persons, the indirect and direct objects are the same; for example, me can function as either an indirect or direct object.)
Use of indirect objectSample sentencesTranslation
Indicating that a person "received" some emotion, sensation, result or impression. The use of the indirect object sometimes depends on the verb being used. El trabajo le abruma. Le gusta el programa. No voy a explicarle las teori­as. Les obligo que comer. La decision le perjudica. Les es ventajoso.The work is overwhelming to her. The program is pleasing to him. I am not going to explain the theories to you. He forced them to eat. The decision harmed him. It is advantageous to them.
Indicating a loss of something.Le robaron cincuenta euros. Le sacaron un rinon. Le compre el coche. Las inversiones le devaluaron.They took 50 euros from her. His hair is falling out. They took out one kidney from her. I bought the car from him or I bought the car for him. The investments lost money for him.
With various phrases using hacer or tener.Les hacian feliz. Les tengo miedo. Le hizo dano.It made them happy. I'm afraid of them. It hurt her.
When a verb affects a body part or an intimate possession, particularly clothing. In such cases, the pronoun is seldom translated to English.Se le cae el pelo. Le rompieron los anteojos.His hair is falling out. They broke his glasses.
With certain verbs to indicate sufficiency or insufficiency. The pronoun isn't always translated to English.Le falta dos euros. Les bastan 100 pesos.She is two euros short. A hundred pesos is enough for them.
When making requests or addressing someone.Le pidieron dos libros. Le exigia mucho dinero. Les digo que es peligroso.They asked for two books. It required much money from them. He told them it is dangerous

More about Objective Pronouns

Here are some other details of using these pronouns you should know: El lei­smo: In some parts of Spain, le and les are used as direct-object pronouns to refer to masculine human beings instead of lo and los, respectively. You're not likely to run into this usage, known as el leismo, in Latin America.

Se: To avoid alliteration, when le or les as an indirect-object pronoun precedes the direct-object

pronoun lo, los, la or las, se is used instead of le or les. Quiero darselo,

 I want to give it to him (or her or you). Se lo dare, I will give it to him (or her or you).

Placement of object pronouns after verbs: Object pronouns are placed after infinitives

(the unconjugated form of the verb that ends in -ar, -er or -ir), gerunds (the form of the

verb that ends in -ando or -endo, generally equivalent to the "-ing" ending in English), and

the affirmative imperative.

Quiero abrirla, I want to open it. No estoy abriendola, I am not opening it.  Abrela, open it.

Note that where the pronunciation requires it, an orthographic accent needs to be added to

the verb.

Placement of object pronouns before verbs: Object pronouns are placed before verb

forms except those listed above, in other words, after nearly all the conjugated forms.

Quiero que la abras, I want you to open is. No la abro, I am not opening it. No la abras, don't

open it.

Order of object pronouns: When both direct-object and indirect-object pronouns

are objects of the same verb, the indirect object comes before the direct object.

Me lo dara, he will give it to me. Quiero dartelo, I want to give it to you.

Attencion: 

First-person plural commands: There are two ways to give a command to a group

that includes yourself: use vamos a followed by the infinitive, or use

the first-personal plural subjunctive form of the verb. These are typically translated

 in English by using "let's." In the negative form (let's not), the subjunctive

form (not no vamos a) is typically used. To say "let's go," use vamos

or vayamonos; to say "let's not go," use no vayamos

or no nos vayamos.

Examples: Vamos a comer. (Let's eat.) Comamos. (Let's eat.)

No comamos. (Let's not eat.) Vamos a hacerlo. (Let's do it.)

Hagamoslo. (Let's do it.) No hagamoslo. (Let's not do it.)

Obviously, there are quite a few rules to learn!  But you'll find that as you read and listen to Spanish that the rules

will become a natural part of your understanding of the Spanish language.

 

 

 


Pulse abajo para escribirme. 

Gracias y hasta pronto, 

Prof. Juana.


Prof. Juana




 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                             

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